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in regard to internal policy

Толкование Перевод

1 in regard to internal policy

Макаров: что касается внутренней политики

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > in regard to internal policy
2 regard

1. [rıʹgɑ:d] n
1. внимание, забота

an object of regard - объект внимания /забот/

to have regard for /to/ smb., smth., to pay regard for /to/ smb., smth. - обращать внимание на кого-л., что-л.

to pay no regard to /for/ smb., smth. - не обращать внимания на кого-л., что-л.; пренебрегать кем-л., чем-л.

to act without regard for /to/ smth. - действовать, не обращая внимания на что-л. /без учёта чего-л./

without regard to age [sex, race, creed, colour] - без различия возраста [пола, расы, религии, цвета кожи]

regard must be paid to it - на это необходимо обратить внимание

he has no regard for the opinion of others - мнение других его не интересует

the sentence is translated without regard to the context - фраза переведена без учёта контекста

2. уважение, расположение

to have high [low] regard for smb., to hold smb. in high [low] regard - быть высокого [невысокого] мнения о ком-л.

to show regard for smb. - проявлять уважение к кому-л.

out of regard for smb. - из уважения к кому-л.

3. pl поклон, привет

give my kind /best/ regards to your family - передайте мой сердечный привет вашей семье

with kind regards from the author - с уважением от автора ( надпись на книге)

4. отношение

in /with/ regard to - относительно; в отношении; что касается

in regard to internal policy - что касается внутренней политики

I was in doubt in regard to their aims - у меня были сомнения в отношении их целей

in this regard - в этом отношении

to err in regard to facts - ошибаться относительно фактов /фактической стороны дела/

5. (внимательный) взгляд; разглядывание

to turn one's regard on smb. - обратить взгляд на кого-л.

6. арх. внешность, вид

7. ист.

1) охрана лесного участка

2) участок лесного обходчика
2. [rıʹgɑ:d] v
1. 1) (as) рассматривать, считать

they regard him as a hero - они считают его героем

they regard it as a crime - они расценивают это как преступление

he is regarded as the foremost authority on the subject - он считается самым большим авторитетом в этом вопросе

2) (with) относиться, рассматривать ( так или иначе)

I regard his behaviour with suspicion [horror] - я смотрю на его поведение с подозрением [с ужасом]

your application will be regarded with sympathy - к вашей просьбе отнесутся сочувственно

2. касаться, иметь отношение

it does not regard me - это меня не касается

as regards - что касается; в отношении

as regards his suggestion I was non-committal - что касается его предложения, то я не сказал ничего определённого

3. (внимательно) смотреть, разглядывать

to regard smb. with curiosity - с любопытством разглядывать кого-л.; бессмысленно уставиться на кого-л.

4. обыкн. в отриц. предл. принимать во внимание, считаться

I do not regard his opinion - я не считаюсь с его мнением

he regards nobody - он ни с кем не считается, он никого не боится

5. уважать

he is much regarded - он пользуется большим уважением

his rights were strictly regarded - его права строго соблюдались

НБАРС > regard
3 regard

1. n внимание, забота

an object of regard — объект внимания

without regard to age — без различия возраста

regard must be paid to it — на это необходимо обратить внимание

have regard to — учитывать; обращать внимание на

with little regard to — не принимая во внимание

have no regard to — не обращать внимание на

pay no regard to — не обращать внимание на

with due regard — с должным вниманием

2. n уважение, расположение

3. n поклон, привет

give my kind regards to your family — передайте мой сердечный привет вашей семье

4. n отношение

in regard to — относительно; в отношении; что касается

in regard to internal policy — что касается внутренней политики

I was in doubt in regard to their aims — у меня были сомнения в отношении их целей

with regard to the above — в отношении вышеупомянутого

in this regard — в этом отношении

5. n взгляд; разглядывание

cleavage in regard to views — расхождение во взглядах

6. n арх. внешность, вид

7. n ист. охрана лесного участка

8. n ист. участок лесного обходчика

9. v рассматривать, считать

they regard him as a hero — они считают его героем

10. v относиться, рассматривать

I regard his behaviour with suspicion — я смотрю на его поведение с подозрением

11. v касаться, иметь отношение

it does not regard me — это меня не касается

with regard to — по отношению

12. v смотреть, разглядывать

13. v обыкн. отриц. предл. в принимать во внимание, считаться

I do not regard his opinion — я не считаюсь с его мнением

pay regard for — обращать внимание на

14. v уважать

he is much regarded — он пользуется большим уважением

Синонимический ряд:

1. attention (noun) attention; concern; considerateness; consideration; gaze; glance; look; solicitude; thought; thoughtfulness; view

2. care (noun) care; carefulness; caution; consciousness; heed; heedfulness

3. interest (noun) curiosity; interest; interestedness

4. notice (noun) cognisance; cognizance; ear; mark; note; notice; observance; observation; remark

5. reference (noun) reference; relation

6. respect (noun) account; admiration; affection; appreciation; deference; esteem; estimation; favor; favour; honour; respect; reverence; veneration

7. consider (verb) account; consider; deem; estimate; eye; gaze; hold; judge; look; look upon; rate; reckon; suppose; surmise; think

8. contemplate (verb) contemplate; scan; scrutinize

9. observe (verb) look at; mark; note; notice; observe; remark; see; view; watch

10. respect (verb) admire; esteem; honor; honour; respect; revere; reverence; value

Антонимический ряд:

despise; dislike; disregard; disrespect; hate; interest; liking; loathe; love; misconceive; misjudge; miss; neglect; overlook; scorn

English-Russian base dictionary > regard
4 regard

rɪˈɡɑ:d
1. сущ.
1) внимание, забота( for - о ком-л., чем-л.) to show regard ≈ проявлять заботу He shows no regard for the feelings of others. ≈ Она пренебрегает чувствами других. Syn: care
1., concern
1.
2) расположение, уважение( for - к кому-л., чему-л.) out of regard for smb. hold smb. in high regard Syn: esteem
1., respect
1.
3) мн. привет, поклон;
пожелпния to convey, send smb. 's regards ≈ передавать чей-л. привет Give him my regards. ≈ Передай ему привет от меня. cordial regards ≈ сердечные пожелания friendly regards ≈ дружеские пожелания kind, kindest, sincere regards ≈ добрые, искренние пожелания personal regards ≈ отдельный, особый персональный привет кому-л. warm, warmest regards ≈ теплые пожелания with best personal regards ≈ с наилучшими пожеланиями Syn: wish
1.
4) касательство, отношение, связь in regard to with regard to as regard in this regard without regard Syn: concern
1.
5) внимательный взгляд, взор
2. гл.
1) расценивать, рассматривать;
считать( as - кем-л., чем-л.) They regarded him as their enemy. ≈ Они видели в нем своего врага. I regard it as my duty.≈ Я считаю это своим долгом. Syn: consider
2) относиться( with - как-либо) Your request has been regarded with favour by the committee. ≈ Комитет с пониманием отнесся к вашему запросу. The plan was regarded with considerable suspition. ≈ К плану отнеслись со значительной долей подозрительности.
3) касаться( кого-л., чего-л.), иметь отношение( к кому-л., чему-л.) as regards ≈ что касается, в отношении Syn: concern
2.
4) принимать во внимание, считаться( с кем-л., чем-л.;
обыкн. в вопр. и отриц. предложениях) They do not regard anything except his opinion. ≈ Им на все наплевать кроме его мнения. Syn: consider
5) смотреть на( кого-л., что-л.), разглядывать He regarded her with great curiosity. ≈ Он пристально разглядывал ее. внимание, забота - an object of * объект внимания /забот/ - to have * for /to/ smb., smth., to pay * for /to/ smb., smth. обращать внимание на кого-л., что-л. - to pay no * to /for/ smb., smth. не обращать внимания на кого-л., что-л.;
пренебрегать кем-л., чем-л. - to act without * for /to/ smth. действовать, не обращая внимания на что-л. /без учета чего-л./ - without * to age без различия возраста - * must be paid to it на это необходимо обратить внимание - he has no * for the opinion of others мнение других его не интересует - the sentence is translated without * to the context фраза переведена без учета контекста уважение, расположение - to have high * for smb., to hold smb. in high * быть высокого мнения о ком-л. - to show * for smb. проявлять уважение к кому-л. - out of * for smb. из уважения к кому-л. pl поклон, привет - give my kind /best/ *s to your family передайте мой сердечный привет вашей семье - with kind *s from the aothor с уважением от автора (надпись на книге) отношение - in /with/ * to относительно;
в отношении;
что касается - in * to internal policy что касается внутренней политики - I was in doubt in * to their aims у меня были сомнения в отношении их целей - in this * в этом отношении - to err in * to facts ошибаться относительно фактов /фактической стороны дела/ (внимательный) взгляд;
разглядывание - to turn one's * on smb. обратить взгляд на кого-л. (устаревшее) внешность, вид ( историческое) охрана лесного участка;
участок лесного обходчика рассматривать, считать - they * him as a hero они считают его героем - they * it as a crime они расценивают это как преступление - he is *ed as the foremost authority on the subject он считается самым большим авторитетом в этом вопросе (with) относиться, рассматривать (так или иначе) - I * his behaviour with suspicion я смотрю на его поведение с подозрением - your application will be *ed with sympathy к вашей просьбе отнесутся сочувственно касаться, иметь отношение - it does not * me это меня не касается - as *s что касается;
в отношении - as *s his suggestion I was non-committal что касается его предложения, то я не сказал ничего определенного (внимательно) смотреть, разглядывать - to * smb. with curiosity с любопытством разглядывать кого-л.;
бессмысленно уставиться на кого-л. обыкн. в отриц. предл.: принимать во внимание, считаться - I do not * his opinion я не считаюсь с его мнением - he *s nobody он ни с кем не считается, он никого не боится уважать - he is much *ed он пользуется большим уважением - his rights were strictly *ed его права строго соблюдались ~ касаться, иметь отношение (к кому-л., чему-л.) ;
it does not regard me это меня не касается;
as regards что касается ~ pl поклон, привет;
give my best regards (to) передайте мой сердечный привет ~ уважение, расположение;
to have a great regard (for smb.) быть очень расположенным( к кому-л.) to have a high (low) ~ (for smb.), to hold (smb.) in high (low) ~ быть высокого (невысокого) мнения (о ком-л.) ;
out of regard (for smb.) из уважения (к кому-л.) he is much regarded он пользуется большим уважением;
I do not regard his opinion я не считаюсь с его мнением to have a high (low) ~ (for smb.), to hold (smb.) in high (low) ~ быть высокого (невысокого) мнения (о ком-л.) ;
out of regard (for smb.) из уважения (к кому-л.) he is much regarded он пользуется большим уважением;
I do not regard his opinion я не считаюсь с его мнением ~ относиться;
I still regard him kindly я по-прежнему отношусь к нему хорошо ~ отношение;
in (или with) regard to относительно;
в отношении;
что касается;
in this regard в этом отношении ~ отношение;
in (или with) regard to относительно;
в отношении;
что касается;
in this regard в этом отношении ~ касаться, иметь отношение (к кому-л., чему-л.) ;
it does not regard me это меня не касается;
as regards что касается to have a high (low) ~ (for smb.), to hold (smb.) in high (low) ~ быть высокого (невысокого) мнения (о ком-л.) ;
out of regard (for smb.) из уважения (к кому-л.) regard внимание, забота;
regard must be paid to... необходимо обратить внимание на...;
to pay no regard to... не обращать внимания на..., пренебрегать regard внимание, забота;
regard must be paid to... необходимо обратить внимание на...;
to pay no regard to... не обращать внимания на..., пренебрегать ~ внимание ~ забота ~ иметь отношение ~ касаться, иметь отношение (к кому-л., чему-л.) ;
it does not regard me это меня не касается;
as regards что касается ~ касаться ~ относиться;
I still regard him kindly я по-прежнему отношусь к нему хорошо ~ отношение;
in (или with) regard to относительно;
в отношении;
что касается;
in this regard в этом отношении ~ отношение ~ pl поклон, привет;
give my best regards (to) передайте мой сердечный привет ~ принимать во внимание, считаться (с кем-л., чем-л.;
обыкн. в вопр. и отриц. предложениях) ~ расположение ~ рассматривать;
считать ~ рассматривать ~ считать ~ уважение, расположение;
to have a great regard (for smb.) быть очень расположенным (к кому-л.) ~ уважение ~ книжн., уст. взгляд, взор (пристальный, многозначительный) ~ книжн., уст. смотреть на (кого-л., что-л.), разглядывать ~ as рассматривать в качестве regard внимание, забота;
regard must be paid to... необходимо обратить внимание на...;
to pay no regard to... не обращать внимания на..., пренебрегать why do you so seldom ~ my wishes? почему вы так редко считаетесь с моими желаниями?

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > regard
5 policy

n

1) политика; политический курс; стратегия; система; ( towards smth) позиция

2) страховой полис

•

to abandon policy — отходить / отказываться от политики

to abide by policy — придерживаться политики

to adhere to policy — придерживаться политики; быть верным какой-л. политике

to administer policy — проводить политику; осуществлять политику

to adopt policy — принимать политику, брать на вооружение политический курс

to advise smb on policy — быть чьим-л. политическим советником

to advocate policy — отстаивать политику

to apply policy — проводить политический курс

to approve policy — одобрять политику

to argue for tougher policy — настаивать на ужесточении политики

to assign smth the status of state policy — возводить что-л. в ранг государственной политики

to back down from policy — отказываться от какой-л. политики

to be adept at foreign policy — быть искушенным в вопросах внешней политики

to be at odds with policy — противоречить какой-л. политике

to be committed to one's policy — быть приверженным своей политике

to be wary about smb's policy — настороженно относиться к чьему-л. политическому курсу

to break away from smb's policy — отходить от чьей-л. политики

to bring one's defense policy closer together — согласовывать свою политику в области обороны

to camouflage one's policy — маскировать свою политику

to carry out / to carry through policy — проводить политику

to champion policy — защищать / отстаивать политику

to change one's policy — менять свою политику

to condemn policy — осуждать политику

to conduct policy — проводить политику

to conflict with smb's policy — противоречить чьей-л. политике

to continue policy — продолжать политику

to coordinate one's policy over smth — координировать свою политику в каком-л. вопросе

to cover up one's policy — маскировать свою политику

to criticize policy — критиковать политику

to decide policy — определять политику, принимать политические решения

to declare policy — объявлять политику

to denounce policy — осуждать политику

to design policy — планировать политику

to determine policy — определять политику

to develop / to devise policy — разрабатывать политику

to direct policy — руководить политикой

to discredit policy — дискредитировать политику

to dismantle one's policy — отказываться от своей политики

to disrupt policy — срывать политику

to dissociate oneself from smb's policy — отмежевываться от чьей-л. политики

to dither about one's policy — колебаться при проведении своей политики

to dump policy — отказываться от политики

to effect policy — осуществлять политику

to effect a policy of insurance — страховаться; приобретать страховой полис

to elaborate policy — вырабатывать политику

to embark on / to embrace policy — принимать какой-л. политический курс

to employ policy — применять политику

to end policy — прекращать политику

to endanger policy — ставить под угрозу политику

to endorse policy — одобрять политику

to establish policy — устанавливать политику

to examine policy — рассматривать политику

to execute / to exercise policy — проводить политику

to explain policy — разъяснять политику

to expound policy — излагать политику

to express policy — высказывать политические взгляды

to follow policy — следовать политике; проводить политику

to forge policy — вырабатывать политику

to formulate policy — определять политику

to frame policy — вырабатывать политику

to give up policy — отказываться от политики

to guide policy — направлять политику

to halt smb's policy — останавливать чью-л. политику

to harden one's policy — ужесточать свою политику / позицию

to harmonize policy — координировать / согласовывать политику

to hold to policy — придерживаться политики

to implement policy — проводить политику

to initiate policy — положить начало политике

to institutionalize policy — законодательно закреплять политику

to interfere in policy — вмешиваться в политику

to introduce policy — вводить политику

to investigate policy — расследовать политику

to justify one's policy — оправдывать свою политику

to keep policy — сохранять политику неизменной

to keep policy going — продолжать политику

to launch policy — начинать проведение политики

to lay policy before the electorate for approval — излагать политический курс для его одобрения избирателями

to lay down policy — устанавливать политический курс

to lose control of policy — утрачивать контроль над политикой

to maintain policy — продолжать политику

to make policy — быть творцом политики

to make a U-turn in policy — делать поворот на 180 градусов в политике

to make clear one's policy — разъяснять свою политику

to make defense policy — заниматься вопросами обороны

to make one's own policy — принимать самостоятельные политические решения

to map out policy — намечать политический курс

to moderate policy — делать политику более умеренной

to modify policy — изменять политику

to outline policy — намечать политический курс

to overturn policy — отвергать политику, отказываться от какой-л. политики

to present policy — излагать политику

to proclaim one's commitment to policy — публично обязываться проводить какую-л. политику

to profess policy — заявлять о политике

to promote the reform policy — способствовать успеху политики реформ

to propagate policy — пропагандировать / рекламировать политику

to pursue policy — проводить политику

to put across smb's policy to smb — доводить свою политику до кого-л.

to put forward policy — выдвигать политический курс

to put one's policy into practice — осуществлять свою политику

to question policy — подвергать сомнению политику

to railroad through one's policy — протаскивать свою политику

to reappraise one's policy — пересматривать свою политику

to reassess one's policy toward a country — пересматривать свою политику по отношению к какой-л. стране

to reconsider one's policy — пересматривать свою политику

to reform policy — перестраивать политику

to reject policy — отвергать политику

to relax one's policy towards smb — смягчать свою политику по отношению к кому-л.

to rethink one's policy — пересматривать свою политику

to reveal policy (of) — разоблачать политику

to reverse one's policy — изменять свою политику

to review policy — 1) делать обзор политики 2) пересматривать политику

to rewrite policy — изменять политику

to set out policy — излагать политику

to shape policy — определять / разрабатывать политику

to signal a change in foreign policy — свидетельствовать об изменении внешней политики

to spearhead one's policy — направлять острие своей политики

to spell out one's policy in advance — заранее излагать свою политику

to stick to a policy — придерживаться какой-л. политики

to support policy — поддерживать политику

to test policy — проверять политику

to thrash out policy — вырабатывать / обсуждать политику

to tighten monetary policy — вводить более строгие правила в финансовой политике

to tone down one's more controversial policy — ограничивать свои менее популярные политические меры

to validate policy — поддерживать какую-л. политику / политическую линию

to violate policy — отступать от политики

to work out policy — разрабатывать политику

- about-turn in policy
- active policy
- adventurist policy
- adventuristic policy
- advocacy of policy
- advocate of policy
- aggressive policy
- agrarian policy
- agricultural policy
- alternative policy
- annexationist policy
- anti-inflationary policy
- anti-national policy
- anti-nuclear policy
- anti-recessionary policy
- appropriate policy
- architect of policy
- arms policy
- austere policy
- austerity policy
- autonomous policy
- balanced policy
- banking policy
- bankrupt policy
- basic policy
- beggar-my-neighbor policy
- bellicose policy
- big stick policy
- big-time policy
- bipartisan policy
- blind-eye policy
- bloc policy
- bomb-in-the-basement policy
- breach of policy
- bridge-building policy
- brinkmanship policy
- brink-of-war policy
- broad-brush policy
- budget policy
- cadres policy
- carrot and stick policy
- cautious policy
- centrist policy
- champion of policy
- change in policy
- change of emphasis in policy
- change of policy
- circumspect policy
- class policy
- clean-air policy
- closed-door trade policy
- coherent policy
- cold war policy
- colonial policy
- colonialist policy
- commercial policy
- commitment to policy of nonintervention
- common policy
- comprehensive national science and technology policy
- comprehensive set of policy
- concerted policy
- conduct of policy
- confrontation policy
- consistent policy
- containment policy
- continuity in policy
- continuity of policy
- continuity with smb's policy
- controversial policy
- coordinated policy
- cornerstone of policy
- counterproductive policy
- country's fundamental policy
- credible policy
- credit card policy
- credit policy
- crumbling policy
- cultural policy
- current policy
- damaging policy
- defeatist policy
- defense policy
- deflationary policy
- demilitarization policy
- democratic policy
- departure in policy
- destabilization policy
- deterrent policy
- development policy
- diametrically opposed policy
- dilatory policy
- diplomatic policy
- disarmament policy
- discretionary policy
- discriminatory policy
- disinflation policy
- distortion of policy
- divide-and-rule policy
- domestic policy
- dynamic policy
- economic and commercial policy
- economic policy
- embargo policy
- emigration policy
- emission policy
- employment policy
- energy policy
- environmental policy
- erroneous policy
- European policy
- even-handed policy
- expansionary policy
- expansionist policy
- experience of policy
- extreme right-wing policy
- fair policy
- farm policy
- far-reaching policy
- far-sighted policy
- federal policy
- financial policy
- firm policy
- fiscal policy
- flexible policy
- for reasons of policy
- foreign aid policy
- foreign policy
- foreign trade policy
- foreign-economic policy
- formation of foreign policy
- formulation of policy
- forward-looking policy
- framework for policy
- free trade policy
- general policy
- generous policy
- give-and-take policy
- global policy
- godfather to policy
- good neighbor policy
- government policy
- government's policy
- great-power policy
- green policy
- gunboat policy
- hands-off policy
- hard-line policy
- harmful policy
- harmonized policy
- health policy
- hegemonic policy
- high-risk policy
- home policy
- ill-thought-out policy
- imperial policy
- imperialist policy
- import policy
- import substitution policy
- in line with policy
- in the field of foreign policy
- inadmissibility of policy
- independent line of policy
- independent policy
- industrial policy
- inflationary policy
- inhuman policy
- instigatory policy
- insurance policy
- internal policy
- international policy
- internment policy
- interventionist policy
- intolerableness of policy
- investment policy
- iron-fist policy
- irreversible policy
- it's against our policy
- kid-glove policy
- labor mediation policy
- laissez-faire policy
- land policy
- language policy
- leash-loosening policy
- left-wing policy
- lending policy
- liberal policy
- liberalization of policy
- liberalized policy
- line of policy
- long-range policy
- long-term policy
- lunatic policy
- main plank of smb's policy
- major changes to policy
- manifestation of policy
- maritime policy
- marketing policy
- massive condemnation of smb's policy
- militaristic policy
- misconduct of policy
- mobile policy
- moderate policy
- monetarist policy
- monetary policy
- much-heralded policy
- mushy policy
- national policy
- nationalistic policy
- nationalities policy
- native policy
- nativist policy
- neo-colonialist policy
- NEP
- neutral policy
- neutrality policy
- New Economic Policy
- news policy
- nonaligned policy
- nonalignment policy
- noninterference policy
- nonintervention policy
- nonnuclear policy
- nuclear defense policy
- nuclear deterrent policy
- nuclear policy
- nuclear-free policy
- obstructionist policy
- official policy
- official trade policy
- oil policy
- old faces can't make new policy
- one-child-family policy
- one-sided policy
- open-door policy
- openly pursued policy
- opportunistic policy
- optimal policy
- ostrich policy
- ostrich-like policy
- outward-looking policy
- overall policy
- overtly racist policy
- parliamentary policy
- party policy
- passive policy
- pay-curb policy
- peace policy
- peaceful policy
- peace-loving policy
- personnel policy
- plunderous policy
- policy from positions of strength
- policy from strength
- policy in science and technology
- policy is bearing fruit
- policy is constitutional
- policy of a newspaper
- policy of aid
- policy of alliances
- policy of amicable cooperation with smb
- policy of appeasement
- policy of belt-tightening
- policy of capitulation
- policy of compromise
- policy of conciliation
- policy of confrontation
- policy of connivance
- policy of containment
- policy of cooperation
- policy of democracy and social progress
- policy of détente
- policy of deterrence
- policy of dictate
- policy of discrimination
- policy of economic blockade and sanctions
- policy of economy
- policy of elimination
- policy of expansion and annexation
- policy of fiscal rigor
- policy of freedom of expression
- policy of friendship
- policy of genocide
- policy of good-neighborliness
- policy of goodwill
- policy of inaction
- policy of intervention
- policy of intimidation
- policy of isolation
- policy of militarism
- policy of militarization
- policy of military confrontation
- policy of military force
- policy of national reconciliation
- policy of neutrality
- policy of nonalignment
- policy of noninterference
- policy of nonintervention
- policy of nonviolence
- policy of obstruction
- policy of openness
- policy of pacification
- policy of peace
- policy of peaceful co-existence
- policy of plunder
- policy of protectionism
- policy of racial segregation and discrimination
- policy of reconciliation
- policy of reform
- policy of reforms
- policy of regulating prices
- policy of renewal
- policy of restraint
- policy of revanche
- policy of revenge
- policy of subjugation
- policy of violence
- policy of wage restraint
- policy of war
- policy towards a country
- policy vis-à-vis a country
- policy with regard to a country
- policy won out
- political policy
- population policy
- position-of-strength policy
- practical policy
- predatory policy
- price control policy
- price-formation policy
- price-pricing policy
- pricing policy
- principled policy
- progressive policy
- proponent of policy
- protagonist of policy
- protectionist policy
- pro-war policy
- pro-Western policy
- public policy
- push-and-drag policy
- racial policy
- racist policy
- radical policy
- rapacious policy
- reactionary policy
- realistic policy
- reappraisal of policy
- reassessment of policy
- recession-induced policy
- reevaluation of policy
- reexamination of policy
- reform policy
- reformist policy
- regional policy
- renewal of policy
- re-orientation of policy
- repressive policy
- resettlement policy
- rethink of policy
- retrograde policy
- revanchist policy
- reversal of policy

- revision of policy
- revisionist policy
- rigid economic policy
- robust foreign policy
- ruinous policy
- safe policy
- sanctions policy
- scientifically substantiated policy
- scorched-earth policy
- selfless policy
- separatist policy
- shift in policy

- shoot-to-kill anti-terrorist policy
- short-sighted policy
- single-child policy
- social policy
- socio-economic policy
- sound policy
- splitting policy
- state policy
- state remuneration of labor policy
- stated policy
- staunch policy
- sterile policy
- stick-and-carrot policy
- stringent policy
- strong policy
- structural policy
- suitable policy
- sustained policy
- sweeping review of policy
- switch in policy
- tariff policy
- tax policy
- taxation policy
- technological policy
- tight policy
- tightening of policy
- time-serving policy
- tough policy
- toughening of policy
- trade policy
- trade-unionist policy
- traditional policy
- treacherous policy
- turn in policy
- turning point in policy
- unified policy
- united policy
- unsophisticated policy
- U-turn in policy
- viability of policy
- vigorous policy
- vote-losing policy
- wage policy
- wage-freeze policy
- wages policy
- wait-and-see policy
- war-economy policy
- wealth-creating policy
- whip-and-carrot policy
- wise policy
- world policy
- zigzags in policy

Politics english-russian dictionary > policy
6 near cash

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гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

Introduction

This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.

Principles of the framework

The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
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consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
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the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
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strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
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the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.

The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
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the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
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the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.

Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.

Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)

The framework for public expenditure is divided between
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Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
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Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.

More information about DEL and AME is set out below.

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Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL)

In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.

Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.

Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.

There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.

Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME)

AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.

AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.

AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.

Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.

Total Managed Expenditure

Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.

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Resource Accounting and Budgeting ( RAB)

Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
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Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
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Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
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Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
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Administration Budgets (see below)

Administration Budgets

The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.

Spending Reviews

The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.

The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.

Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.

The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
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provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
" "
enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
" "
introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
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not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.

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Comprehensive Spending Review 2007

To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.

A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
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an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
" "
an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
" "
to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
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further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.

The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.

Obtaining good performance

Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.

The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.

Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.

Departmental Investment Strategies (DISs)

To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.

This document was updated on 19 December 2005.

Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
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GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.

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64Managing Public Money

Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

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Foreign internal defense — (FID) is used by a number of Western militaries, explicitly by the United States but sharing ideas with countries including France and the United Kingdom, to describe an approach to combating actual or threatened insurgency in a foreign state… … Wikipedia
Common Agricultural Policy — European Union This article is part of the series: Politics and government of the European Union … Wikipedia
Monetary policy of the United States — Banking in the United States Monetary policy The Federal Reserve System Regulation Lending Credit card Deposit accounts Savings account Checking account Money market account Certificate of deposit … Wikipedia
Nuclear policy of the United States — In general, Nuclear policy of the United States refers to the policies of the various agencies and departments of the American government at the Federal level with regard to biomedical, energy, emergency response,hazardous waste transport and… … Wikipedia
Energy policy of the People's Republic of China — The energy policy of the People s Republic of China is a policy decided on by the Central Government with regard to energy and energy resources. The country is currently the world s largest emitter of greenhouse gases according to a Dutch… … Wikipedia
Cultural policy — is the area of public policy making that governs activities related to the arts and culture. Generally, this involves fostering processes, legal classifications and institutions which promote cultural diversity and accessibility, as well as… … Wikipedia
Visa policy in the European Union — A specimen Schengen visa. A Schengen visa entitles the holders to travel throughout the 25 member Schengen Area All European Union member states, with the exception of Ireland and the United Kingdom, have a unified visa system as part of the… … Wikipedia
Reservation policy in Indian Institutes of Technology — The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) practices affirmative action and offers reservation to backward sections of the society. This has been the subject of much debate and protests.Historical overviewIndia is one of the countries that… … Wikipedia

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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in regard to internal policy

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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in regard to internal policy

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